Discovering the relative motion frequency shift of waves, founding relativistic optics, cosmological expansion, and Doppler …

Formulating the universal Conservation of Energy, deriving Mayer's relation (Cp - Cv = R), and …

Formulating Joule's Law (P = I^2 R), proving that electrical resistance converts electric energy into …

Discovering the direct conversion of light into electricity, laying the foundation for quantum band theory, …

Measuring Specific Inductive Capacity (dielectric constant), proving that insulating materials polarize to alter electrostatic capacity …

Invents the first constant-voltage electrochemical battery, eliminating polarization, defining the volt standard, and powering telegraphy.

Extending field theory to electrostatics, proving that electric forces propagate through dielectric polarization along physical …

Translating Carnot engine efficiency onto Pressure-Volume indicator diagrams, formulating the Ideal Gas Law and the …

Heinrich Lenz formulates Lenz's Law specifying the direction of induced current.