In 1885, Scottish chemist James Dewar invented the Vacuum Flask (Dewar Flask), using silvered double-walled glass vacuum insulation to prevent conduction, convection, and radiation heat loss in cryogenics.

Formulated Balmer Series equation for visible hydrogen lines.

In 1886, German physicist Eugen Goldstein discovered Canal Rays (Kanalstrahlen), demonstrating that positive ion streams travel opposite to cathode rays in discharge tubes, founding mass spectrometry.

On June 26, 1886, French chemist Henri Moissan successfully isolated elemental fluorine gas (F2) for the first time by electrolyzing a liquid solution of potassium hydrogen difluoride in liquid hydrogen fluoride.

Constructed LC spark transmitter and ring receiver, generating and detecting radio waves.

Discovered that ultraviolet light ejects electric charges from metal spark electrodes.

Derived the Arrhenius Equation (k = A exp(-Ea / RT)) governing chemical reaction rates.

Executed famous floating interferometer test obtaining null result.

Formulated first transformation incorporating local time t' = t - vx/c^2.

In 1888, self-taught English electrical engineer Oliver Heaviside published his vector reformulation of electrodynamics, reducing Maxwell's 20 complex equations into the 4 modern vector equations.

Proved radio waves undergo reflection, refraction, and travel at light speed c.

Formulated 1/lambda = R_H (1/n1^2 - 1/n2^2) unifying atomic emission line series.