Publishing 'On the Moving Force of Heat', stating the Second Law of Thermodynamics, establishing thermodynamic …

Formulating the substance-independent Absolute Thermodynamic Temperature Scale, defining Absolute Zero (0 K), and founding low-temperature …

Publishing 'Über die Erhaltung der Kraft', providing the definitive mathematical formulation of Energy Conservation across …

Measuring the Mechanical Equivalent of Heat (J = 4.184 J/cal) via paddle-wheel calorimetry, establishing energy …

Formulating the universal Conservation of Energy, deriving Mayer's relation (Cp - Cv = R), and …

Formulating Joule's Law (P = I^2 R), proving that electrical resistance converts electric energy into …

Translating Carnot engine efficiency onto Pressure-Volume indicator diagrams, formulating the Ideal Gas Law and the …

Discovering that gas diffusion and effusion rates vary inversely with the square root of molar …

Discovering the ceaseless, random motion of microscopic particles in fluids, providing the empirical foundation for …

Formulating the ideal Carnot cycle, establishing the upper limit of heat engine efficiency, and founding …

Dismantling the concept of 'permanent gases' by liquefying chlorine in a sealed glass tube, launching …

Discovering the constant molar heat capacity of solid elements (3R), providing an empirical atomic mass …